The Wuhan International Conference and Exhibition Center is being converted into a hospital for patients infected with the new coronavirus, seen here on Feb. 4, 2020.
A newly identified coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (formerly 2019-nCoV) has been spreading in China, and has now reached multiple other countries. Here’s what you need to know about the virus and the disease it causes, called COVID-19.
Update on Tuesday, Feb. 25 (ET):
—The first clinical trial in the U.S. to evaluate a treatment for COVID-19 has begun, according to the NIH. The trial will test an antiviral drug called remdesivir in hospitalized adults with COVID-19. The first study participant is an American who caught the disease while onboard the Diamond Princess cruise ship, and is being treated at University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC).
—In just days, cases of coronavirus in South Korea have skyrocketed to about 977, with 10 deaths there linked to the virus. More than half the cases there are members of, or somehow linked to, a secret religious sect called Shincheonji Church of Jesus, The New York Times reported.
—Outbreaks of COVID-19 have also been unfolding in Italy and Iran; 270 confirmed cases have been reported in Italy, where 7 deaths have been linked to the virus, and 61 cases have been reported in Iran, where 15 individuals have died. Iran’s Deputy Health Minister has also tested positive for the virus, The New York Times reported.
—About 80,289 confirmed coronavirus cases (primarily in mainland China), according to the Johns Hopkins virus dashboard.
—2,704 deaths have been linked to the virus. Deaths worldwide exceed those from SARS. 27,840 individuals have recovered after having a confirmed case of the disease.
—About 41 deaths have been linked to the virus outside of mainland China, including in Italy, Taiwan, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Iran, France and three Diamond Princess passengers.
—The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention is reporting COVID-19 is up to 20 times more deadly than the flu, with a fatality rate of about 2.3% (in the U.S., seasonal flu’s fatality rate is about 0.1%), the Times reports.
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—More than 600 individuals onboard the Diamond Princess cruise ship off Japan tested positive for the coronavirus. There were 3,700 passengers and crew on the ship when it first docked off Japan. The 3rd person infected while aboard the ship is reported to have died on Sunday (Feb. 23).
—The WHO has now replaced the temporary name for the disease with an official name: Corona Virus Disease, abbreviated as COVID-19.
—The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses has named the virus “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2,” due to its genetic similarity to the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
Number of coronavirus cases
Mainland China: 77,660
South Korea: 977
Others: 691 (including Diamond Princess passengers)
Italy: 270
Japan: 160
Singapore: 90
Hong Kong: 84
Iran: 61
U.S.: 53
Thailand: 37
Taiwan: 31
Australia: 22
Malaysia: 22
Germany: 16
Vietnam: 16
United Arab Emirates: 13
UK: 13
France: 12
Macau: 10
Kuwait: 8
Bahrain: 8
Canada: 11
Philippines: 3
India: 3
Russia: 2
Oman: 2
Afghanistan: 1
Spain: 3
Lebanon: 1
Nepal: 1
Cambodia: 1
Israel: 1
Belgium: 1
Finland: 1
Sri Lanka: 1
Sweden: 1
Egypt: 1
Will coronavirus spread in the U.S.?
On Feb. 25, U.S. officials said it’s no longer a matter of “if” but “when” the new coronavirus will spread in the United States.
Recent reports of increased community spread of the virus outside of China, including in South Korea, Iran and Italy, have “raised our level of concern and raised our level of expectation that we are going to have community spread here” in the U.S., Dr. Nancy Messonnier, the director of CDC’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, said in a news briefing on Feb. 25.
The CDC is recommending that people begin to plan for such an event by taking steps such as asking school systems what their strategy will be to mitigate the spread. For example, schools might consider dividing students into smaller groups or even using internet-based teleschooling, she said. On a larger scale, communities and cities may need to change or postpone mass gatherings, she added.
“Now’s the time for businesses, hospitals, community schools and everyday people to begin preparing,” Messonnier said.
How many coronavirus cases are in the US?
As of Feb. 24, there are 53 confirmed cases of the new coronavirus in the United States, according to the CDC. These include 14 cases detected in the U.S. through public health surveillance, and 39 cases among U.S. citizens who were repatriated into the country from Wuhan or the Diamond Princess cruise ship.
Among the 14 cases detected through surveillance, 8 cases were diagnosed in California, 2 cases were diagnosed in Illinois, and one case each was diagnosed in Washington, Arizona, Massachusetts and Wisconsin. Among the repatriated cases, 36 were aboard the Diamond Princess cruise ship and three were evacuated from Wuhan.
Some person-to-person spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been seen in the U.S. among close contacts of people returning from Wuhan, but the virus is not currently spreading in the community here, according to the CDC.
Newly emerged viruses like SARS-CoV-2 are always of public health concern, according to the CDC. It’s unclear how the situation with this virus in the U.S. will unfold, the agency says.
What’s the death rate from COVID-19?
The largest study on COVID-19 cases to date provides new details on the severity of the illness, including its death rate and who is most susceptible.
The study researchers, from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, analyzed information from 44,672 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China that were reported between Dec. 31, 2019 and Feb. 11, 2020. Among these cases, there were 1,023 deaths, resulting in an overall death rate of 2.3%.
That’s much higher than the death rate of flu, which is around 0.1% in the U.S., according to The New York Times.
However, the new study found that the death rate from COVID-19 varied by location. In Hubei Province, where the outbreak began, the death rate was 2.9%, compared with just 0.4% in other provinces — a 7-fold difference.
The study also showed that older adults have been hit hardest by COVID-19. Among those ages 80 and older, the death rate was 14.8%, compared with 8.0% for those ages 70 to 79; 3.6% for those ages 60 to 69; 1.3% for those ages 50 to 59; 0.4% for those ages 40 to 49, and 0.2% for those ages 10 to 39. No deaths have been reported among children from birth to age 9.
However, some experts have estimated that the number of COVID-19 cases could be much higher than what has been officially tracked and reported, according to the BBC. If that’s the case, then the death rate could be lower than what’s reported in this study.
Why did coronavirus cases spike?
On Feb. 12, the Hubei Province, where the outbreak began in Wuhan, officials have decided to consider a “clinical” diagnosis for the new coronavirus. That means these individuals who may have tested negative on the current diagnostic test (called a nucleic acid test) but show all of the coronavirus symptoms will be classified as confirmed cases. In that way, the Hubei Province Health Committee said, “patients can receive standardized treatment according to confirmed cases as early as possible to further improve the success rate of treatment.”
With that new criteria, the province added 14,840 cases of coronavirus to the total in a day.
Will the coronavirus die down by the summer?
We don’t know yet. Most respiratory viruses, such as flu viruses, are seasonal. We generally know when the peak of flu season will be and can expect the number of flu cases to drop down as we head toward spring and summer, said Dr. Nancy Messonnier, the director of CDC’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases in a news conference on Feb. 12. But for the new virus, “I think it’s premature to assume that,” she said. If this new virus behaves similarly to flu viruses, we may see less infections as spring and summer roll around. “But this is a new disease, we haven’t even been through six weeks of it much less a year,” Messonnier said. Though hoping the numbers will go down as warm weather approaches, “the aggressive actions we’re taking are because we don’t think we can count on that.”
Who will be quarantined in the US?
Officials announced on Friday (Jan. 31) that the U.S. will be enforcing quarantines on citizens who have traveled to the Hubei Province (where the outbreak originated) in the last 14 days. If U.S. citizens have been to China in the last 14 days, they will be rerouted to one of eleven airports across the country to be screened for the new coronavirus, according to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
If passengers who have traveled to China are showing symptoms of the virus (which include a cough, trouble breathing or fever) they will be subject to mandatory quarantines. If passengers who have traveled to China (outside of the Hubei province) show no symptoms after being screened at one of the 11 airports, they will be re-booked to their destinations within the U.S. and asked to self-quarantine at home, according to the DHS.
Other travelers who haven’t been to China but are found to be on the same flight of passengers that have been to China might also be rerouted to one of the 11 airports, according to the DHS. What’s more, in general “foreign nationals” who have traveled to China in the past 14 days won’t be allowed in the U.S.
Hundreds of U.S. citizens who were evacuated from Wuhan or the Diamond Princess cruise ship were also placed under mandatory quarantine at several U.S. military bases.
Does the coronavirus have an official name?
On Feb. 11, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus announced the official name of the new disease caused by the novel coronavirus: Corona Virus Disease, abbreviated as COVID-19. “Having a name matters to prevent the use of other names that can be inaccurate or stigmatizing. It also gives us a standard format to use for any future coronavirus outbreaks,” Ghebreyesus said.
WHO discourages naming new viruses after geographic locations, people, species or classes of animals or foods, according to the organization’s Best Practices for the Naming of New Human Infectious Diseases. Rather, WHO encourages use of descriptive terms of a disease, such as “respiratory disease” and “neurologic syndrome,” as well as “severe” or “progressive.” The organization also says that if a pathogen is known, it should be used as part of the disease’s name.
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is tasked with giving the virus an official name. On Feb. 11, the committee said the virus will be known as “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,” or SARS-CoV-2, due to its genetic similarity to the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), according to Science Magazine.
What is a coronavirus?
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause respiratory illnesses such as the common cold, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Most people get infected with coronaviruses at one point in their lives, but symptoms are typically mild to moderate. In some cases, the viruses can cause lower-respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
These viruses are common amongst animals worldwide, but only a handful of them are known to affect humans. Rarely, coronaviruses can evolve and spread from animals to humans. This is what happened with the coronaviruses known as the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-Cov), both of which are known to cause more severe symptoms.
Where did the new coronavirus come from?
Since the virus first popped up in Wuhan in people who had visited a local seafood and animal market (called the Huanan seafood market), officials could only say it likely hopped from an animal to humans. In a new study, however, the researchers compared SARS-CoV-2 (formerly 2019-nCoV) genetic sequence with those in a library of viral sequences, and found that the most closely related viruses were two coronaviruses that originated in bats; both of those coronaviruses shared 88% of their genetic sequence with that of SARS-CoV-2.
Based on these results, the authors said the SARS-CoV-2 likely originated in bats. However, no bats were sold at the Huanan seafood market, which suggests that another yet-to-be-identified animal acted as a steppingstone of sorts to transmit the virus to humans.
At least one study has suggested that this “intermediate” animal was the pangolin, an endangered, ant-eating mammal. However, full data from this study has not been released, making the results difficult to verify, according to the BBC.
A previous study suggested snakes, which were sold at the Huanan seafood market, as a possible source of the new virus. However, some experts have criticized the study, saying it’s unclear if coronaviruses can infect snakes.
How does the coronavirus spread between people?
Researchers are still working to understand exactly how SARS-CoV-2 spreads. But in general, the The most common way coronaviruses spread is through respiratory droplets produced from coughs and sneezes, according to the CDC. Tests have also found the virus present in patients’ stool, suggesting it may be able to spread through fecal contamination. However, it is still unclear whether people can catch the virus by touching contaminated surfaces, the CDC says.
How many deaths from coronavirus have occurred outside mainland China?
As of Feb. 25, there have been 42 reported deaths from the new coronavirus outside of China. These include 16 deaths in Iran, 10 deaths in South Korea, 7 deaths in Italy, 3 deaths among passengers who were aboard the Diamond Princess cruise ship, 2 deaths in Hong Kong and one death each in Japan, France, Taiwan and the Philippines, according to Johns Hopkins University.
Could this virus cause a pandemic?
In order for this virus, or any, to lead to a pandemic in humans, it needs to do three things: efficiently infect humans, replicate in humans and then spread easily among humans, Live Science previously reported.
To determine how easily the virus spreads, scientists will need to calculate what’s known as the “basic reproduction number, or R0 (pronounced R-nought.) This is an estimate of the average number of people who catch the virus from a single infected person, Live science previously reported. A study published Jan. 29 in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) estimated an R0 value for the new coronavirus to be 2.2, meaning each infected person has been spreading the virus to an average of 2.2 people. This is similar to previous estimates, which have placed the R0 value between 2 and 3. (For comparison, SARS initially had an R0 of around 3, before public health measures brought it down to less than 1.)
In general, a virus will continue to spread if it has an R value of greater than 1, and so public health measures to stem the outbreak should aim to reduce R0 to less than one, the authors of the NEJM paper said.
On Jan. 30, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the new coronavirus outbreak is a public health emergency of international concern. The main reason for the declaration is concern that the virus could spread to countries with weaker health systems, WHO said.
How does coronavirus compare to SARS and MERS?
As of Feb. 9, more people had died from the new coronavirus than from SARS — which killed 774 individuals worldwide, according to The New York Times.
MERS and SARS have both been known to cause severe symptoms in people. It’s unclear how the new coronavirus will compare in severity, as it has caused severe symptoms and death in some patients while causing only mild illness in others, according to the CDC. All three of the coronaviruses can be transmitted between humans through close contact.
MERS, which was transmitted from touching infected camels or consuming their meat or milk, was first reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia and has mostly been contained in the Arabian Peninsula, according to NPR. SARS was first reported in 2002 in southern China (no new cases have been reported since 2004) and is thought to have spread from bats that infected civets. The new coronavirus was likely transmitted from touching or eating an infected animal in Wuhan.
During the SARS outbreak, the virus killed about 1 in 10 people who were infected. The death rate from COVID-19 is estimated to be a little over 2%.
Still, in the beginning of an outbreak, the initial cases that are identified “skew to the severe,” which may make the mortality rate seem higher than it is, Alex Azar, secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Homeland Security (HHS), said during a news briefing on Tuesday (Jan. 28). The mortality rate may drop as more mild cases are identified, Azar said.
Currently, most of the patients who have died from the infection have been older than 60 and have had preexisting conditions.
What are the symptoms of the new coronavirus and how do you treat it?
Symptoms of the new coronavirus include fever, cough and difficulty breathing, according to the CDC. It’s estimated that symptoms may appear as soon as two days or as long as 14 days after exposure, the CDC said. The NEJM study published on Jan. 29 estimated that, on average, people show symptoms about five days after they are infected.
There are no specific treatments for coronavirus infections and most people will recover on their own, according to the CDC. So treatment involves rest and medication to relieve symptoms. A humidifier or hot shower can help to relieve a sore throat and cough. If you are mildly sick, you should drink a lot of fluids and rest but if you are worried about your symptoms, you should see a healthcare provider, they wrote. (This is advice for all coronaviruses, not specifically aimed toward the new virus).
On Feb. 25, U.S. officials announced that the first clinical trial in the country to evaluate a treatment for COVID-19 was underway, according to the NIH. The trial will test an antiviral drug called remdesivir in hospitalized adults with COVID-19. The first study participant is an American who caught the disease while onboard the Diamond Princess cruise ship, and is being treated at University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC). The study can be adapted to examine other treatments and enroll patients at other sites in the U.S. and worldwide, officials said.
There is no vaccine for the new coronavirus, but researchers at the U.S. National Institutes of Health confirmed they were in preliminary stages of developing one. Officials plan to launch a phase 1 clinical trial of a potential vaccine within the next few months, Dr. Anthony Fauci, Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said in a news conference on Jan. 28.
Researchers are also working on gathering samples of the virus to design a therapy that will train patients’ immune cells to detect and destroy the virus, Facui said.
How can people protect themselves and others?
The best way to prevent infection with COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to the virus, according to the CDC. In general, the CDC recommends the following to prevent the spread of respiratory viruses: Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds; avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands; avoid close contact with people who are sick; stay home when you are sick and clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces.
People who traveled to China and became sick with fever, cough or difficulty breathing within the following two weeks should seek medical care right away, and call ahead to inform medical staff about their recent travel, the CDC said.
The CDC does not recommend face masks for people who are well and without symptoms. The agency does recommend face masks for people who show symptoms of the virus and those taking care of someone sick with the virus (including health care workers).
Jeanna Bryner, Rachael Rettner, Yasemin Saplakoglu and Nicoletta Lanese contributed reporting.
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Originally published on Live Science.
Sourse: www.livescience.com
