‘How could this be allowed to happen?’: The threat of ‘superbugs’ has been known since the first antibiotic was developed, but we have failed to stop it.

Sir Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of penicillin, raised the risks of antibiotic resistance in his Nobel speech. (Photograph: Peter Purdy via Getty Images) Germ theory wasn’t always universally accepted. The now-conventional concept—the notion that human diseases can be caused by…










